Downward and Upward Communication Essay Example

Descending and Upward Communication Essay It is passing data to the subordinate. It expands effectiveness by synchronizing hierarchical systems and can guarantee that all are progressing in the direction of a similar objective. Descending Communication is the methods by which objectives are transmitted and impact is applied on workers. It flow’s from the top level administration to low level administration through the center level administration. Model: When your manager imparts data to you, it’s descending correspondence, on the grounds that your chief, as your boss, is speaking with you as a worker. Kinds of Downward correspondence incorporates: * Job portrayal * Appraisals or assessment * Organizational strategy * Organizational framework Downward Communication helps in performing following administrative capacities: * Directing * Motivating * Controlling * Co-ordinating Barriers in Downward Communication: * Often single direction * Mistrust * Status nervousness * Difference in qualities and observation. Upward correspondence : It starts from lower level of work pecking order. This correspondence center that everyone is equipped for producing musings and thoughts coming about into authoritative advancement. It expands inspiration and cause representatives to feel esteemed. It is the progression of correspondence which begins from low level administration to significant level administration through center level administration. Upward Communication is the methods by which supervisors gather from representatives the information expected to settle on cool headed choices. Model: when you give your administrator criticism about another framework or supporter, it’s upward correspondence. Kinds of upward correspondence incorporates : * Suggestion plans * Feedback gathering or review * Grievance Procedure * Employees Manager conversation. Upward Communication helps in performing following administrative capacities: * Reporting * Decision making Barriers in Upward Communication: * Delay in dynamic * Loss of data * Fear of distortion * Communicating just the p ositive outcomes. We will compose a custom article test on Downward and Upward Communication explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Downward and Upward Communication explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Downward and Upward Communication explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer

Personal Statement for law school, Why do you want to go to law school Essay

Individual Statement for graduate school, Why would you like to go to graduate school - Essay Example After I set aside enough cash I returned to India on an extended get-away to visit my dad and family. At the point when I was back in my home country as a grown-up I saw things contrastingly that was a child. Everything had changed for the most noticeably awful. There was a terrible conveyance between classes isolated by little exclusive class and all of us who were stuck in profound neediness. Legislative debasement was dormant and it appeared no one in the framework care about only themselves. Serving the individuals was not a need of the local officials. Eateries would discard food that could have given toward the night's end to poor people; the Indian culture was in turmoil needing bearing, request and equity. I mirrored a great deal during my stay in India and returned to the United States a renewed individual. I was enlivened to turn into an answer producer that brought change. I realized I needed to proceed with my conventional training at the undergrad level to then proceed o nward to graduate school. As a legal counselor I could picked up the information to be capable change the open framework. I need to battle shameful acts anyplace they show themselves. The excursion to India changed my point of view of life. I understood I had underestimated the freedoms and openings individuals in the United States appreciate. This general public fabricated its popularity based framework dependent on set of laws and standards written in the constitution. Legal counselors are significant individuals from a general public that secure the privileges of the customary resident. They law assumes an instrumental job in the lives of everybody since it carries soundness to a locale. I had not seen this before in light of the fact that I was unconscious of the shameful acts that happen in many creating nations around the globe. So as to set myself up for a future as a legal advisor I decide to contemplate business organization with studies bookkeeping and account at Hofstra University. Business college is an extraordinary route for a

Dyslexia at MIT

Dyslexia at MIT This is my final paper for Science Journalism, a science writing class I took last semester. Reading the literature and interviewing people for this paper taught me a lot about a subject that is central in many people’s lives but about which I knew almost nothing when I started, and maybe even more about myself as a writer and a person. I thought you might enjoy it, for a glimpse of a hot field as well as a bit of the research, diversity, and student support services at MIT.       Y is a third-year undergraduate student at MIT, a math major and one of only five current MIT undergraduate students from the United Kingdom. To have gotten to MIT she had to face not only the 3.7% international admit rate, but also dyslexia, a learning disorder that prevents her from reading and writing as quickly and effectively as most of her peers. A short paragraph can take Y half an hour to type. She says that the words that come out on paper or on the screen do not match up with what she envisions in her mind. It takes her more time to read and write than other students, and she has to spend extra time on problem sets and essays. Like many successful people with dyslexia, Y sees her difficulty reading and writing as something to conquer. She has taken on a concentration in writing, which requires her to take extra writing classes in her time at MIT, and she volunteers for leadership positions in her dorm that involve regularly emailing the entire building. After graduating she hopes to return to the United Kingdom for graduate school. The ability to read has long been linked in society’s mind to intelligence, but dyslexia is surprisingly common at MIT, to such an extent that the founder of the MIT Media Lab and the One Laptop per Child Association, Nicholas Negroponte (a dyslexic himself), called it the MIT disease in his autobiography. Recent research has found that dyslexia is not related to IQ. It is, however, the most common learning disability, at MIT and elsewhere, affecting between 5% and 20% of the population. The latest research is finding dyslexia’s roots in unexpected places, with unexpected consequences, disproving common misconceptions about dyslexia and learning disorders in general. We are beginning to find that dyslexia is not a disorder but a different way of experiencing and understanding the world around us, created by a different wiring and development of the brain with benefits as significant as its downsides. Dyslexia Research A popular misconception is that people with dyslexia rotate, switch, and mirror letters as they read and write, but while many people with dyslexia do indeed confuse the direction and sequence of letters, dyslexia stems from difficulty processing the auditory, not visual, information of language. It is currently believed that dyslexia is caused by difficulty connecting letters to their associated sounds, and that these phonological difficulties stem from structural differences in the brain. Y, for example, connects sounds to colors, rather than symbols. Imagining a sound brings to mind not the letter, but a color. Each sound has its own color: the calming light blue she painted her dorm room is the long e. Tyler Perrachione, a dyslexia researcher at MIT, explains that all children flip and switch letters as they first learn to read, and that the difficulty is not specific to people with dyslexia. “In life, you want to be insensitive to the orientation of objects,” he says. “Orthography is set apart from other visual stimuli. They [children] have to learn that letters are special.” In languages where symbols represent concepts rather than sounds, such as Chinese, a larger number of dyslexics do suffer from a visual deficit. But even in China, says Perrachione, visual deficits are always present in combination with a phonological deficit, never in isolation. Tyler Perrachione became interested in speech-sound learning as an undergraduate student, and is now studying dyslexia as a Ph.D. candidate at the Gabrieli lab at MIT. He describes studying language as “learning about what makes us human, and what makes our brains unique: moving ideas from my head to your head. I was hooked. Language was cool.” Perrachione’s most recent publication focuses on how people with dyslexia process auditory language. He explains that while speakers of a language may use the same words, pronunciation of those words is unique to the individual. We use these nuances in pronunciation to distinguish between voices. Perrachione found that people with dyslexia have trouble with voice recognition in their native language. Previous studies have found that people with dyslexia have difficulty following a single voice in a crowd, such as the voice of a professor in a noisy lecture hall. As babies we are sensitive to all variability in speech sounds, explains Perrachione. As we grow up we lose sensitivity to those nuances that are not in our native language. “The brain is so good at handling all the variability that there is in speech,” he says, “but it comes with a cost. Being very good at mapping sounds to the representations that you do have comes with the cost of not being able to perceive sounds in other languages.” We don’t consciously notice the variability in language, but the brain does not ignore it, says Perrachione. “The brain can keep track of who is saying what, and how they sound is the cue to who they are.” Knowing a language gives us a standard against which to compare what we hear, he says: “Being able to say people sound different requires having some sort of comparison.” People with dyslexia do not have this comparison: “The variability is not informative, because you don’t have a standard to compare it to.” In Perrachione’s experiment, normal readers had improved voice recognition abilities in their native languages. People with dyslexia, on the other hand, had no more accuracy than in foreign languages, where the nuances in sound were unfamiliar. “When you take language out of the equation they’re just as good. When you put language back in, they’re no better.” The differences between how people with dyslexia and normal readers process language are evident in the anatomy of the brain. In both cases, the left hemisphere of the brain contains centers for speech, reading, and language processing. The connective fiber attaching the hearing centers in the temporal lobe with the parietal lobe becomes denser as a person’s ability to hear and identify small units of soundâ€"as well as the ability to readâ€"improves. This area of the brain, located toward the back of the head, is responsible for decoding letters and written words into their corresponding sounds; anatomical studies have found that dyslexics have decreased nerve cell matter and often decreased connective fiber in this area compared to normal readers. The right hemisphere of the brainâ€"specifically, the right prefrontal cortex, which is located at the front of the headâ€"produces visual images. Individuals without dyslexia suppress the visual areas of the right hemisphere while reading, as originally hypothesized in 1925 and confirmed in 2003 by researchers at Georgetown University Medical Center. Normal readers use the right prefrontal cortex less and less as they learn to read fluently and shift from reading by memorizing words to reading by translating letters into sounds. Perrachione’s advisor John Gabrieli at MIT and Fumiko Hoeft of the Stanford University School of Medicine have found that the quarter to half of dyslexic children who learn to compensate for their dyslexia read by memorizing words through visual memory, increasing the activity and development of the right prefrontal cortex. In normal readers, the left side of the brain is often larger than the right. In dyslexic readers the two hemispheres are usually of e qual size, or the right hemisphere is larger. Manuel Casanova at the University of Louisville, Kentucky, has found that dyslexics also tend to have less tightly packed neurons that make more far-reaching connections. Casanova found that neurons vary from tightly packed, encouraging connections with nearby neurons, to more spread out, providing space for more distant connections. At the former extreme, neurons make more of their connections with nearby neurons and can process information very quickly. The resulting person is often highly specialized and detail-oriented, and can be autistic. At the other extreme, neurons make more of their connections with distant parts of the brain, supporting complex comparisons and mental simulations. This end of the spectrum has high incidence of dyslexia. Perrachione warns, however, that studies linking differences in the anatomy of the brain to differences in behavior are rarely replicated and often don’t stand up to scientific scrutiny, and should therefore be viewed with some amount of skepticism. “Excluding injury in adult life,” he says, “very big changes in behavior are almost never explained by big changes in brain architecture.” Living with Dyslexia There is hope for treating dyslexia at an early age. In 2008, Nadine Gaab at the Children’s Hospital Boston found that rapid sound shifts in spoken language generated activity in areas of the brain associated with sound recognition in normal 10-year-olds, but elicited no activity from children with dyslexia. After two months of exercising these areas of the brain, however, the dyslexic children were able to match the normal children in listening comprehension, and also had improved reading comprehension. Dyslexia often goes undiagnosed until college or graduate school, when the length and difficulty of assigned readings make it difficult to compensate with sheer intelligence. If diagnosed as an undergraduate, an MIT student would be referred to student support services, to disability services, and then to a neuropsychologist for testing. MIT has services in place to help students with dyslexia, including exams and textbooks on tape, readers, scribes, a computer lab with voice recognition and scan-and-read software, and the option to take exams in a reduced distraction setting or with extended time. Dr. Xiaolu His, a psychologist at MIT Mental Health and Counseling, says that many people with dyslexia find life much easier after entering the workforce, where tasks become less time-sensitive and being able to read and write quickly becomes less important. Instead, creativity and flexible thinking become vital, and people with dyslexia who are able to get so far often excel. She encourages students with dyslexia to get the help they need. “Once the problem is identified, you will find your solution,” says His. “It does not have to cripple you for life.” Benefits of Dyslexia “Everything that happens has a silver lining,” says Perrachione. Dyslexia’s is often a predisposition for creativity and big-picture thinking. “Their ways of thinking can be extremely useful,” says His of her dyslexic patients. “Some of them are just among the most creative, exciting innovating people Ive ever met.” Many people with dyslexia go into comedy, says Perrachione, citing Jay Leno and writers for the Saturday Night Live comedy show. A recent study also found that astronomers with dyslexia are better at identifying black holes: people with dyslexia have enhanced peripheral vision, improved pattern recognition abilities, and, says Perrachione, more creativity and flexibility in their thinking. According to Brook and Fernette Eide, authors of The Dyslexic Advantage, the cognitive flexibility associated with dyslexia can manifest itself in noteworthy talents. “Dyslexic brains are organized in a way that maximizes strength in making big picture connections at the expense of weaknesses in processing fine details,” says Fernette Eide. These talents include improved spatial reasoning, enhanced ability to view events from multiple perspectives and draw analogies, and a tendency to remember facts as experiences and stories rather than as abstractions. Individuals with dyslexia often excel in careers that involve telling and understanding stories, making predictions or decisions using incomplete or rapidly changing information, and crossing boundaries between disciplines and ways of thinking. “High-performing dyslexics are very intelligent, often out-of-the box thinkers and problem-solvers,” says Bennet A. Shaywitz, co-director of the Yale Center for Dyslexia and Creativity . It is important for us to stop seeing dyslexia as a learning disability and start seeing it as an alternative way of perceiving and processing the world, with benefits as well as drawbacks, and with the potential to contribute creative approaches to our world’s problems. We have only just begun unraveling the secrets of the dyslexic mind. We know now that phonological impairment leads to dyslexia. The next step, says Perrachione, is to figure out how. Current research in the Gabrielli lab is focusing on measuring brain plasticity and responsiveness to changes in sound. The data will be out soon, says Perrachione, after it goes through peer review. “I think they [the data] have a lot of promise for really revolutionizing how we talk about the phonological deficit in dyslexia,” he says. “They’re very exciting. You can expect to see new discoveries soon.”

The Lasting Legacy of Thomas Jefferson - 948 Words

thomas Jefferson The Lasting Legacy of Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson is one of the most influential presidents of the United States. Along with his successes and failures he proved to be a great president by leaving his legacy’s behind. A legacy is something someone has had handed down or left for future generations. Thomas Jefferson is one of the most influential people that left their legacies behind because his presidency commenced the quarter century rule of the Virginia Dynasty. He was also known for his hospitality towards the central government as well as the judicial branch of the Supreme Court. In the private and public affairs Thomas Jefferson has been a great democratic icon because he knew the peoples power and knew the public’s point of view, he also knew what the public wanted. â€Å"The United States had the strongest Government on earth, Jefferson told his fellow Americans in according to his first Inaugural Address on March 4, 1801. Thomas Jefferson was born on April 13th, 1743 in Shadwell, Virginia. As a young child Jefferson was a very intellectual boy. Jefferson’s first childhood memory was at the age of three, he took his father’s slaves in the Virginia wilderness. This was when Jefferson’s family moved to a plantation that was under the control of Thomas Jefferson’s father. Thomas Jefferson and his family spent six years wandering around the woods and studying his books. When Jefferson was the age of nine that was when his formal studies began.Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of A Wilderness So Immense By John Kukla1487 Words   |  6 PagesA Wilderness so Immense by John Kukla explores the events leading up to and the enduring effects of the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. Kukla begins his story almost twenty years before Jefferson bought the Louisiana territory from France and analyzes how factors ranging from major revolutions to personal relationships all culminated to make the most fam ous land acquisition in American history possible. He argues that the Louisiana Purchase was not only a case a good luck on Jefferson’s part or solelyRead MoreThe United States And The Civil War910 Words   |  4 Pagesown nation and live under our own rules. Jumping then to the characters of Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton and John Marshall; these three men all were influential in the United States post Revolutionary War, each had their own ideas of how the country should optimally be functioning. These men had their own political affiliations and were influential in different branches of the Government, creating lasting legacies – although none of them saw eye-to-eye with each other they were able to compromiseRead MoreWelfare Reform in the Early Republic984 Words   |  4 Pagesthat could be hoped for was to ease the suffering of the poor without jeopardizing the underpinnings of a well ordered hierarchical society. Americas poverty was threatening the future of the nation and the direction it was heading. In fact Thomas Jefferson feared that the poor would gather in American cities and try to undermine the political system. Republicans required a roughly level social structure, where most families could gain access to land and ultimately support themselves by their ownRead MoreAnne Hutchinson, Tecumseh And Thomas Jefferson1975 Words   |  8 Pages Anne Hutchinson, Tecumseh and Thomas Jefferson are three very different individuals with unique ideas of freedom. Anne Hutchinson was a woman that sought the freedom to express her religious beliefs in her strict Puritan community. Tecumseh was a Shawnee leader who had high hopes of uniting Indian tribes in order to seek freedom for his people and regain the lands that he believed were rightfully theirs. Thomas Jefferson was an influential political leader and throughout his life fought to protectRead MoreThomas Jefferson And The Revolutionary Age Of Reason1809 Words   |  8 PagesName: Mark Lee Date: August 9, 2015 Subject: AML2010 Thomas Jefferson the Revolutionary The revolutionary/age of reason was a period where significant movements occurred in the areas of Europe and America; this period begun in the year 1775 through the year 1848. During this period most of the changes were developed from the actions of Thomas Jefferson and in draft of the declaration of independence. Those rights invested in that doctrine helped paved the way for America’s agriculture and leftRead MoreThe Science Behind Race1185 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Bible to justify slavery believing that blacks were the descendants of Ham, Noah’s disobedient son. (Farrow et al. p.184) â€Å"Its supposed truth that Ham was black and that his progeny were doomed to slavery.† (Farrow et al. p. 184) In 1787, Thomas Jefferson wrote in Notes on Virginia â€Å"Blacks†¦ are inferior to the whites in the endowment both of body and mind. (p.143) In the 1830s and 1840s there were a number of scientists, theologians and politicians developing theories about â€Å"race†. The threeRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence1330 Words   |  6 Pagespara. 4). This paper will unravel the history behind the Declaration of Independence, how it shapes the American perspective of the political society, and why the Declaration of Independence, in spite of its constantly changing meaning, is a thriving legacy. Turning back the hands of time, Americans were abused politically, economically, and inhumanely by the British colony 13 years before the Declaration of Independence was conceptualized. There were brutal killings like the firing of BritishRead MoreAmerican Sphinx : The Character Of Thomas Jefferson3030 Words   |  13 PagesAmerican Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson, a biography by Joseph Ellis, encompasses many aspects of one of the most controversial and unforgettable American Founding Fathers. Thomas Jefferson, the author of the Declaration of Independence and a man of astonishing achievements, left behind a legacy of paradoxes and mysteries, which are thoroughly analyzed throughout the novel. Unlike some people, who are easily characterized and have definite opinions, Thomas Jefferson’s beliefs and intentionsRead MoreElvis s Impact On Popular Culture1741 Words   |  7 Pagesimpersonated, and his music is still revered by young people all over the world. Elvis’s impact can be understood through the music he performed, his status as a pop icon, and the lingering presence of his legacy in today’s society. The cultural importance of rock and roll has been long-lasting. From the early 1950s until now, rock has been the vehicle of expression for many around the world. It has been the voice of rebellion, political justice, and sexual revolution. Generation after generationRead MoreThe Political System Of The United States1813 Words   |  8 PagesThomas Jefferson, an American Founding Father once wrote that â€Å"design activity and political thought are indivisible,† stating that architecture acts as a vital instrument in conveying political image. In this case, the prominent symbols of government in any polity would be the national parliamentary buildings as they demonstrate faith in the cultural identity of a nation internally as well as foreign country. Likewise, United States of America is known as a land of democracy and the Congress House

Detailed Outline. Introduction . •My Thesis Statement..

Detailed Outline Introduction †¢ My thesis statement. †¢ My intro will cover where I got the idea for this research. †¢ Key Ideas leading to Gaps/Motivation †¢ The holes I found. †¢ Why I wanted to stay away from PTSD research †¢ What I learned from the lit review †¢ background †¢ more background†¦. †¢ Why my research matters Method Participants †¢ Fourty traditional college students (18-22-year-olds) attending the University of Arkansas will be used as participants †¢ Twenty females and twenty males †¢ The Participants will be split up into two groups. †¢ Group one is our Control group and they consist of 20 (10 male and 10 female) individuals who have not experienced what we define as a traumatic event for this study. †¢ Group two is our†¦show more content†¦ERS is a measure I made up that is a multiple choice questionnaire. †¢ Participants will view 20 different photos ranging in different levels. †¢ Participants will view these photos on a computer in a power point slide show setting. †¢ We will also use a debriefing form. Procedures †¢ After our participants have been selected they will be greeted and will receive an informed consent form explaining the nature of the study and how they were selected. †¢ We will be using a repeated measurers research design. †¢ The two groups (experimental and control) will complete the picture viewing task after signing the consent form. †¢ While viewing each photo, the participants will have to write one word that describes the photo. †¢ The use of the one descriptor word is to ensure that the participant takes the time to look at the photo. †¢ After they have written the word, they will be instructed to push the space bar that will progress them to the next photo. †¢ Then participants will fill out a multiple-choice questionnaire on the computer assessing their mood and emotional state which will give them an Emotional Rating Score or ERS. †¢ If a participant has a ERS above a 65 they will not be permitted to continue. †¢ The participants who have an acceptable ERS will go on to the second phase of the experiment. †¢ After completing a stress test, the participants will complete the first phase again with different but with similar emotionally rated photos.Show MoreRelatedChapter 4 Of The Longman Writer963 Words   |  4 PagesThe Longman Writer Chapters 4, 5, and 6 In brief, chapter 4 of The Longman Writer by Judith Nadell and John Lang taught the reader how to support the thesis using evidence. As an addition to chapter 3 â€Å"Identifying a Thesis†, chapter 4 emphasizes the importance of supporting the central idea by using enough evidence to convince the reader. Forms of evidence include â€Å"examples, facts, details, statistics, personal observation† (41) or anything that furthers the reader’s understanding. The evidence usedRead MoreNarrative Essay1497 Words   |  6 Pageswant to write about. †¢ Think about why the experience is significant. †¢ Spend a good deal of time drafting your recollections about the details of the experience. †¢ Create an outline of the basic parts of your narrative. *Writing about the experience: †¢ Using your outline, describe each part of your narrative. †¢ Rather than telling your readers what happened, use vivid details and descriptions to actually recreate the experience for your readers. †¢ UseRead MoreHaymarket Riot Essay621 Words   |  3 Pagesbut I will be arguing that the bombing helped the eight hour movement. - How did this event occur? What led up to this event? - What happened to the protestors after the riot? - How did the event benefit the eight hour movement? †¢ Working Thesis Statement: - Although many say that the bombing that caused the Haymarket Riot did not help the cause of the protestors, I claim that the bombing helped the eight hour work day movement by striking fear into the employers, which allowed workers to leadRead MoreReflective Essay1409 Words   |  6 Pagesschool my essays were about summarizing a chapter from a book or writing a short story. There was no set length it had to be and there were not any specifics to focus on such as to focus on a strong introduction or to focus on being organized when writing. The essays that I wrote in high school were just for a quick grade or to help out our grade. I did not really have that much experience in writing essays. In the past semester I have grown more as a writer than I have in the past years. My essaysRead MoreAcademic Writing Is An Analysis Of Specific Academic Subject1372 Words   |  6 Pagesanalysis of specific academic subject matter and is viewed as a means of promoting understanding of the co ntent (Shih 617). This is done by using deductive reasoning, semiformal voice, and third person point-of-view. Deductive reasoning is stating the thesis early and then following it with supporting examples and details that help readers understand complicated ideas. When writing in semiformal voice, the writer is not using slang, colloquialism, or contractions of nouns and verbs. Academic writingRead MorePractice Never Makes Perfect : Is It Perfect?1480 Words   |  6 PagesPractice Never Makes Perfect A brown box arrived on my doorstep one fateful day that drastically changed my weekend plans for the next several months. This special package contained a book that resembled a dictionary, a few testing pamphlets, and a wonderful contraption called a headset. My friend Nicole and I set up our laptops on the kitchen counter, almost like a battleship command center, and readied ourselves for the next few hours of the next few weeks of test prep. Both our parents signedRead MorePractice Never Makes Anyone Perfect1490 Words   |  6 PagesPractice Never Makes Anyone Perfect A brown box arrived on my doorstep one fateful day that would drastically change my weekend plans for the next several months. This special package contained a book that resembled a dictionary, a few testing pamphlets, and a wonderful contraption that I would label as a headset. My friend Nicole and I set up our laptops on the kitchen counter, almost like a battleship command center, and readied ourselves for the next few hours of the next few weeks of test prepRead MoreResearch and Topic1860 Words   |  8 Pagesorganization SYNTHESIS – you can connect research studies and ideas to each other and use them to elaborate and support your thesis. skills: analysis, synthesis, interpretation, noticing patterns, organization, writing OBJECTIVITY – you show no bias in selecting, interpreting the research you have reviewed; you consider all aspects of a topic and not just those that support your thesis. skills: analysis, synthesis, interpretation, making comparisons, working with contradictions, organization, writingRead MoreQualities of a Good Essay3983 Words   |  16 Pageswording. 1. Choose the central idea, or thesis, of your essay. For example: Information technology has revolutionized the way we work. 2. Outline your essay into introductory, body and summary paragraphs. 3. The introductory paragraph begins with an interesting sentence. For example: Home workers have grown from 150,000 to over 12 million in the past 5 years thanks to the wonders of the computer. 4. After this first sentence, add your thesis statement from above. 5. Use one sentence toRead MoreInformative Speech On Symptoms, Diagnosis, And Treatment Of Generalized Anxiety Disorder1420 Words   |  6 Pages Planning for the Informative Speech with Analysis Speech Topic: To inform my audience of the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of Generalized anxiety disorder Rhetorical Purpose: To inform my audience about . . . Their own mental profile and how to recognize the symptoms so they can help themselves and others around them Audience Analysis: (Refer to chapter on Audience Analysis) (RU Core Goal: a) Summarize Audience demographics, prior exposure/knowledge, common ground/interest, disposition/attitude

Christian Baptist Religion in a Sociological Perspective Free Essays

string(45) " dad is the reason why he lives here in NYC\." Defining the world ‘religion’ is not an easy process, fraught with difficulties. Throughout the ages, many attempts have been made. Often time’s people tend to focus on a very narrow definition that matches the person’s own beliefs but not others. We will write a custom essay sample on Christian Baptist Religion in a Sociological Perspective or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of the reasons it’s notoriously difficult to define because it crosses so many different boundaries in human experience.According to the Miriam Webster dictionary, religion could be identified as ‘a set of ideas concerning the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe usually involving devotional and ritual observances, and often containing a moral code governing the conduct of human affairs’ . Some see religion as a belief, while some understand it as the interaction of belief, behavior and belonging. In other words, what makes religion religion is that it is something people do together.Private beliefs and practices can be referred to as spirituality, but religion is usually social. This project attempts to describe Christian Baptist religion, its main beliefs, values and traditions as a part of an urban lifestyle. ‘Baptists are a group of Christian denominations and churches who subscribe to a theology of believer’s baptism as opposed to infant baptism, salvation through faith alone, Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice , and the autonomy of the local church’ .Salvation through faith alone is a principle that distinguishes Christian Baptists from other Christian denominations. It states that God’s forgiveness for sinners is granted through faith alone, to the exclusion of all individual efforts or works. Scripture alone is a belief that the Bible is the only reliable authority for Christian faith, and that it contains all knowledge necess ary for salvation and eternal life. I grew up in a Christian household and consider myself Catholic even though I do not attend church regularly.As I moved to the United States from Europe around seven years ago, I was forced to work on several days including Sundays which didn’t make it easy for me to attend church. Before migrating, I never used to pray at home and so my spiritual life somewhat got off track when I stopped attending church. I became interested specifically in this religion, because of my close friend Jonathan (who I’m going to refer to as JT throughout this paper). JT, a person I can always rely on, is certainly a believer and God plays a huge role in his life.JT, a Baruch student in his twenties, attends a Baptist church regularly and often mentions God in our everyday conversations. He would sometimes justify certain events by saying it was meant to be or that God wants it that way and there’s nothing us humans can do about it. It also appeared fascinating to me how some of us (me for instance) could go through our lives without any serious need to feel connected to ‘something greater’, and simultaneously individuals like my friend JT can’t even think of living their lives without daily prayers and conversations with God or reading the Bible.I also thought it’d be exciting to learn more about Christian Baptist beliefs and be able to compare them to Catholicism since I was raised in such household. Interestingly enough, over ninety five percent of the Polish population is Catholic. Since I was never really exposed to any other types of religion I figured it’d be a great and enlightening experience. Religion could be considered a cultural, social and historical concept, concept sociologists would observe or analyze. Sociology is a study of people, culture and different aspects of human life.In other words it is a study of society. Today’s Woodside Baptist Community Church located in Queens, NY began as a combined effort of only six men from several churches of different denominations around the 1870’s. They were concerned that there was little gospel witness in the area. In 1880 they began a â€Å"Sabbath School which developed into a church over the years. When the train was built on Roosevelt Avenue, the noise was almost unbearable so in the early 1920’s a new location was sought out. A vacant, wet piece of land was found on 58th Street, and the new church was built.The church rectory was built about forty years later†. It is an independent Baptist church. This means that, acknowledging God as the creator, it has a congregational form of government; each member has a say and a vote. It’s a church of approximately fifty members, with around 130 different people attending on a typical Sunday according to Pastor Randall Rose. The mission of the church is ‘to grow in the Grace of Jesus Christ, and to share the Gospel with the neighborhood, the City of New York, and the whole world’.The main believe is that there is one God who exists in three persons: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Jesus is the Son of God, was born of a virgin, lived a sinless life and died in our place as a sacrifice for the sins of all people. He then was buried, arose from the grave, and rose up into Heaven what is celebrated by Christians all over the world during Easter. My friend JT seemed like an obvious candidate for someone who could help me understand another religion. Any previous knowledge I had on the subject was mainly due to the fact that he’s my good friend, and he’s talked to me about his beliefs before. JT believes the main challenge of living in a city is adjusting to the economic living conditions. Products necessary to survive are costly here and it’s hard to get a job on occasions and to afford to live. Assimilating to the New York City culture could be a problem as well, one of the reasons being the attitude of the people that reside here; they are usually pushy, demanding, incredibly independent and blunt.Despite the disadvantages and challenges mentioned above JT said he could not see himself living anywhere else. His dad is the reason why he lives here in NYC. You read "Christian Baptist Religion in a Sociological Perspective" in category "Papers" His father was a diplomat who worked for the United Nations. He gained diplomatic immunity and brought Jonathan’s mother to the States from Indonesia. His father passed away from pancreatic cancer a year ago. JT was born and raised in a Christian-Protestant home. His church’s main belief is that God created our world and that Jesus died on the cross to save our sins. He also accepts the fact that everything happens as a part of God’s plan. There’s a reason why devastating events happen in our personal lives; when my father passed away I believed God took his soul away at that certain point of his life so that he can live a happier life in heaven without physically and emotionally suffering here on Earth’. Even though it only happened over a year ago he seems very at peace with the whole situation. Through his own theodicy he justifies God’s actions and praises his goodness even if it meant dealing with being separated from the person he loved the most – his dad.Growing up, his family would attend church service every Sunday morning as well as prayer and fellowship gatherings at his family houses. Just when he was a child he was taught by his parents, aunts and uncles to believe that God exists and how through salvation and faith the souls of those who believe will enter heaven in the afterlife. JT’s faith wasn’t always as strong as it is today: ‘I started to believe in God in my early teenage years and developed some strong feelings towards God as a young adult; as a toddler I believed because I belonged but through time and many years of praising the Lord I now belong to my religion because I elieve’. JT believes that by following the path of Jesus he will earn himself a right to be blessed.It reflects in his everyday behavior because as he says, he wants to ‘live a blessed life’. My informant doesn’t feel the world is becoming more secular. He rather feels that ‘throughout the world of current events, there are tragic disasters, wars and many diseases that need to be fought. Therefore, many of those who are impoverished or hopeless attempt to find some type of light in a religion to shine upon their lives. The recent events in Haiti could be an example of why more people turn to God for help or guidance. Pastor Randall Rose, a middle aged man with glasses and a bright smile on his face, was a very helpful link in understanding the history of Christian Baptists as well as the reasons why some of their beliefs differ from those of other denominations of Christianity or other faiths. One characteristic that distinguishes Baptists is the belief in the adult baptism of believers.According to Pastor Rose ‘Baptists claim a personal faith in Christ for salvation, and reject the baptism of infants. ’ It is common to believe that only adults or those old enough to comprehend trusting in Christ should be baptiz ed. Some time during the middle ages, biblical scholars became convinced that infant baptism was unscriptural. Pastor Rose supports this theory: ‘the Bible does not mention and there is no record of any babies or even small children being baptized’.As a result of their ‘discovery’ those men who studied the bible began to re-baptize each other. Their explanation was that even though they were baptized as infants, they weren’t able to understand and therefore believe in Jesus Christ. ‘During the middle ages the act of infant baptism was practiced all throughout Europe and in some places it was practically considered to be a part of the rite of citizenship. ’ Consequently those rejecting infant baptism were often accused of disloyalty towards the government.Unfortunately, I wasn’t able to witness the act of baptism during any of my three visits to the Woodside Community Baptist Church. Sarah Witthauer, one of the members who also teaches Sunday school at the church, helped me picture and understand the act of baptism by immersion in water. She was sixteen when she received baptism and admitted that ‘it had a profound effect on the rest of her life’. The whole process takes only about two minutes but according to Sarah ‘it was an extremely intense experience’.During her baptism she professed her belief and trust in one God, renounced evil and promised to lead a new life seeking to put God first in all things. Sarah, who is now twenty one years old, admitted that she ever since she was baptized she became ‘even more religious and feels as if her bond with God became stronger. ’ Having attended both a Catholic Mass and a Baptist church service I have realized there are some striking differences between them. What I noticed right away upon entering the Woodside Community Baptist church was the level of decoration in the sanctuary . From my personal experience I could say all the Catholic churches I have been to are more elaborate, often equipped with paintings, stained glass windows and statues of saints. The only decorations I noticed in the Baptist church I visited were an American flag and flowers in various places around the church. Catholics believe in worshipping icons in the church. Baptists on the other hand believe that ‘all such religious icons are idolatrous’ and therefore reject their use both as decorations and objects of worship. Another one of the more obvious disparities is the communion.Baptists, as I read in a New York Times article, ‘rarely take communion, generally only on special occasions such as Christmas or Easter. ’ The Catholic Church however; usually offers communion at every mass. The length of the religious services also differs for Baptists and Catholics. The services I attended at my friend’s church in Woodside were all over an hour and a half long while I have never been to a Catholic mass longer than one hour with the exception of holidays such as Easter or Christmas. Significant differences can be found in the beliefs of both religions.The Catholic Church emphasizes the salvation through the use of sacraments such as infant baptism, communion etc. While they believe that by participating in those sacraments they can achieve salvation, Baptists recognize salvation as reachable only through faith in Christ. While both religions recognize trinity as one God who exists in three persons (the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit) Baptists distinguish only one type of sin which is any disobedience to God’s commands. Catholics distinguish sins to be mortal (causes spiritual death) and venial (less serious sin). My friend JT informed me that he only prays to God and in the bible there are no examples of prayers to anyone other than God. I know from experience that Catholics pray to not only God and Mary but also numerous saints. Studying religion as a part of sociology really opened up my eyes to some things I was never aware of. As a study of humans and societies all over the globe, sociology helps to show how differentiated of a place Earth really is. New York City is by many considered one of the most unique and diverse ethnically metropolises in the world.So many religions could be found here, one just has to be eager to find a suitable one. It is easy for us humans to comprehend the things common for all cultures, the universals, but through sociology we become able to acquire cultural relativity and comprehend other cultures or religions better. It is important to be aware of your surroundings, especially in New York City where one has almost an infinite number of choices when it comes to believing in the cause, nature and purpose of the universe. How to cite Christian Baptist Religion in a Sociological Perspective, Papers

Significance of Ritual in North American Indian Re Essay Example For Students

Significance of Ritual in North American Indian Re Essay ligionSignificance of Ritual in North American Indian ReligionSubmitted by: Dan Xxxxxxxx,November 12, 1996Submitted to: Dr. John X. XxxxxxxRELST 110.6.01When scholars study religion, the tendency exists to focus on themythological aspects of the religion in an attempt to understand the majorunderlying concepts present. However, an equally rewarding study often can beaccomplished through the careful analysis of the religions ritual aspects. This is especially true when studying North American Indian religions wherethere is an abundance of elaborate rituals that play a significant role in theirculture. By closely examining the details and symbolism of ritual movements, wecan gather some basic understanding of what is seen to be of value in a certaintheology. While most Native American rituals tend to be mono-cultural, thereare a few rituals that frequently appear in many different regions and tribesacross North America. Two of these widespread rituals are the ritual of thesacred pipe, and sweat lodge ceremonials. The sacred pipe ritual is loadedwith symbolic meaning, and offers a generous insight into Native American beliefsystems. This essay will first look at the dynamics of the sacred pipe ritualand offer some explanation into its religious significance, then draw someparallels to the more common sweat lodge ceremony. If a recurring spiritualtheme appears in separate rituals, it can be considered evidence of a consist ent,structured belief system. The use of smoking pipes in Native American cultures is a popular andvery ancient practice. Direct predecessors of the modern pipe appear 1,500years ago, and other less relevant pipes can be found as far back as 2,500 yearsago. The distinguishing characteristic of the sacred pipe is that the bowl isseparable from the long stem, and the two parts are kept apart except duringritual use. The pipe is seen as a holy object and is treated with much respect. This type of ceremonial pipe was used by tribes ranging from the Rocky Mountainrange to the Atlantic, and from the Gulf of Mexico to James Bay. It did notpenetrate into Pacific coast or Southwest cultures, where tubular pipes werepreferred. Inter-tribal trading helped the practice of this particular ritualspread rapidly, because in order for peaceful trade relations to take place someform of ritual had to be observed. Respect for the sacred pipe ritual, as wellas a gift exchange, was central to peaceful trade in North American culture. The whole sacred pipe ritual revolves around the pipe itself, and as thepipe passes around the circle, so passes the center of attention. Fundamentalto the spiritual understanding of the ritual is the pairing of female and malepowers which when combined, results in creation. The pipe itself consists oftwo parts; the bowl which is symbolically female, and the stem which is male. The pipe is potent only when the two components are fitted together, and forthis reason it is only joined at the beginning of the ceremony, and itsseparation indicates the end of the ritual. With only a few exceptions, thepipe bowl is made of stone or clay, because the Earth and all things Earthen arealso seen to be of a female nature. Similarly, the stem is usually wooden, madefrom trees that were procreated by the joining of the male Sky and the femaleEarth. The pipe stem can be decorated with a striped design symbolic of thetrachea, and eagle feathers may be hung from the stem to further symbolize thesending of the smoke, songs, and chants to sacred ancestral and nature spirits. EU Law: The Council of Ministers and the European EssayThe sweat lodge is a dome-shaped structure, and every part has asymbolic significance. The number of poles that are used to form the dome isalways a multiple of four, which is derived from the four horizontal directions. There is a low entrance facing the East, the direction of the rising sun, whichis symbolic of the beginning of life and understanding. In the center a roundpit is dug, and the earth that is removed is used to build an altar east of thesweat lodge. A fire, symbolic of the Sun, is built between the altar and thesweat lodge, and is used to heat the rocks that are needed for the sweat lodge. The sweat lodge is then covered in such a way that the interior is completelydevoid of light. The participants sit on evergreen branches or sage laid on the Earth. If enough people are participating, four of them are delegated as gatekeepersof the Four Directions. The pit is symbolically the womb of the Earth, and inthe very center of the pit the red-hot rocks are placed. Even though rocks arefrom the Earth and traditionally a female symbol, in this ritual they arethought of as the Grandfathers. This is easily explained by the fact that theystore the energy from the fire, which is a very masculine symbol representingthe Sun. The rocks are then sprayed with water, which is traditionally a femalelife-giving element of nature. The coupling of the male energy and the femalewater results in the spiritual regeneration of the participants. When theritual is complete, the participants crawl from the symbolic womb, and considereach other to be reborn individuals who have been spiritually cleansed. In these two ancient Native American rituals there is evidence ofrecurring spiritual symbolism which suggests that there was a structured,consistent belief system. For this reason, these two ceremonies make fairlygood examples of how knowledge of a cultures religious aspect can be gainedthrough the analysis of not only its myths and legends, but also of its rituals. In both rituals there is evidence of great respect for nature, and the tendencyto give natural objects and forces a specific gender. Much significance isplaced on directions, especially east and west which is obviously derived fromthe path of the sun. Also important are the upward and downward directionsrepresenting the male sky and the female earth, and the joining of the two togive life. The simple fact that these symbols are so widespread and evident inseparate rituals suggests that the North American Indians had a strong religiousfoundation long before Europeans arrived and attempted to teach them religion. WORKS CITED LISTBrown, Joseph Van Epes. The Sacred Pipe: Black Elks Account of the SevenRites of the Oglala Sioux. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1953. Coorigan, Samuel W, ed. Readings in Aboriginal Studies Brandon, Manitoba:Bearpaw Publishing, 1995. Hultkrantz, Ake. Belief and Worship in Native North America. Ed. ChristopherVecsey. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press, 1981. Robicsek, Francis. The Smoking Gods: Tobacco in Maya Art, History, andReligion. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1978. Steinmetz, Fr. Paul B., S.J. The Sacred Pipe in American Indian Religions.American Indian Culture and Research Journal. 8(3): 27-80, 1984. Religion